D-15 Color Arrangement Test

Test Components

- 16 colored caps (one fixed reference cap and 15 movable caps)

- Each cap contains a specific Munsell color

- Colors vary in hue but maintain consistent saturation and brightness

- Standard illumination requirements: 6500K color temperature

Test Administration

Setup

1. Place the reference cap (marked R) at the starting position

2. Randomly arrange the remaining 15 caps on the testing surface

3. Ensure proper lighting conditions

4. Position the patient at a comfortable viewing distance

Testing Procedure

1. Patient arranges caps in order of similarity to the reference cap

2. No time limit is imposed

3. Patient proceeds from left to right

4. Caps should form a natural color progression

Scoring and Interpretation

Recording Results

- Plot patient arrangements on a circular diagram

- Connect numbers in the order arranged by the patient

- Crossing lines indicate confusion between colors

Types of Errors

1. Major Crossings:

- Protan (red deficiency)

- Deutan (green deficiency)

- Tritan (blue-yellow deficiency)

2. Minor Crossings:

- Indicate mild color discrimination problems

- May be normal in some cases

Classification of Results

- Normal: 0-2 minor crossings

- Mild deficiency: 3-4 crossings

- Moderate deficiency: 5-6 crossings

- Severe deficiency: >6 crossings or specific axis patterns

Clinical Applications

Primary Uses

1. Screening for acquired color vision deficiencies

2. Monitoring progression of ocular diseases

3. Occupational screening

4. Research applications

Advantages

- Quick administration (5-10 minutes)

- Simple to explain and understand

- Portable

- Good reliability

- Effective for detecting moderate to severe deficiencies

Limitations

- Less sensitive than FM-100 Hue Test

- May not detect mild anomalies

- Requires good illumination

- Performance can be affected by age and fatigue

Clinical Significance

Disease Monitoring

- Diabetic retinopathy

- Optic neuritis

- Glaucoma

- Macular degeneration

- Toxic retinopathies

Occupational Assessment

- Aviation

- Electronics

- Textile industry

- Quality control

- Military service

Conclusion

The D-15 test remains a valuable tool in orthoptic practice, offering a balance between testing efficiency and diagnostic capability. While not as comprehensive as the FM-100, it provides sufficient information for most clinical applications and serves as an excellent screening tool for color vision deficiencies.

Note : This document serves educational purposes exclusively and does not constitute medical advice or treatment guidelines