Age-related macular degeneration (AMD)

Classification

Dry AMD (Non-neovascular)

Early Stage

- Small drusen (<63 μm)

- Few medium drusen (63-124 μm)

- Minimal pigmentary changes

Intermediate Stage

- Numerous medium drusen

- At least one large drusen (≥125 μm)

- Geographic atrophy not involving central macula

Advanced Stage

- Geographic atrophy involving fovea

- Significant vision loss

- Progressive deterioration

Wet AMD (Neovascular)

- Choroidal neovascularization (CNV)

- Retinal pigment epithelium detachment

- Sub-retinal hemorrhage

- Fibrovascular scarring

Clinical Features

Symptoms

- Gradual vision loss (dry AMD)

- Sudden vision loss (wet AMD)

- Central scotoma

- Metamorphopsia

- Reduced contrast sensitivity

- Difficulty with face recognition

- Problems with reading

Risk Factors

Non-modifiable

- Age (>50 years)

- Family history

- Genetic factors

- Light-colored iris

- Female gender

Modifiable

- Smoking

- Obesity

- Cardiovascular disease

- High blood pressure

- Poor diet

- UV exposure

Diagnostic Assessment

Primary Tests

Visual Acuity

- LogMAR charts

- Near vision testing

- Low contrast sensitivity

Amsler Grid

- Central visual field testing

- Metamorphopsia detection

- Regular home monitoring

Fundus Examination ( ophtalmology )

- Drusen evaluation

- RPE changes

- Geographic atrophy

- Hemorrhage detection

Advanced Imaging

OCT (Optical Coherence Tomography)

- Drusen visualization

- CNV detection

- Retinal thickness measurement

- Treatment monitoring

Fluorescein Angiography

- CNV classification

- Leakage patterns

- Treatment guidance

OCT Angiography

- Non-invasive vessel imaging

- CNV detection

- Treatment monitoring

Vision Rehabilitation

Low Vision Aids

- Magnifying devices

- Electronic aids

- Lighting modifications

- Reading aids

Adaptation Strategies

- Eccentric viewing training

- Daily living skills

- Environmental modifications

- Occupational therapy

Patient Education

Key Points

Early Detection

- Regular eye examinations

- Self-monitoring with Amsler grid

- Recognition of new symptoms

Lifestyle Modifications

- Smoking cessation

- Dietary recommendations

- Exercise promotion

- UV protection

Treatment Compliance

- Regular follow-up

- Medication adherence

- Supplement usage

- Home monitoring

Note : This document serves educational purposes exclusively and does not constitute medical advice or treatment guidelines